Reporte indirecto

Reportes indirectos

Por lo general cuando se reporta lo que dice una persona, no se utilizan las palabras exactas que este utilizo en su discurso, pero se nos informa de manera indirecta su discurso.

Existen diferentes estructuras dependiendo si se busca transformar una oración afirmativa, hacer una solicitud o una pregunta, por ejemplo:

Reportar ordenes: Es necesario realizar cambio de persona, y expresiones de tiempo

·         Ordenes positivas:

Father: "Do your homework."    àDiscurso directo

Padre: Has tu tarea

Father told me to do my homework.  àReporte indirecto

Mi padre me dijo que hiciera mi tarea.

·         Ordenes negativas

Teacher: "Don't talk to your neighbour."  àDiscurso directo

Profesor: No hables con tu vecino.

The teacher told me not to talk to my neighbour.  àReporte indirecto

El professor me dijo que no hablara con mi vecino.

Reportar preguntas: Al igual que en el reporte de ordenes es necesario ralizar cambios en la persona, y expresiones de tiempo.

·         Pregunta con si o no

Peter: "Do you play football?" àDiscurso directo
Pedro: Tu juegas futbol?
Peter asked me whether (if) I played football. àReporte indirecto
Pedro me pregunto si yo jugaba futbol

·         Preguntas con palabras de interrogacion

Peter: "When do you play football?" àDiscurso directo
Cuando tu juegas futbol?
Peter asked me when I played football. àReporte indirecto

Peter me pregunto cuando yo jugaba futbol.

Reporte de discurso, forma gramatical

·         Si la oracion se inicia en el presente , no hay retardo de los tiempos verbales en el discurso reportado.

Susan: "I work in an office."  àDiscurso directo

Susan:  Yo trabajo en una oficina

Susan says that she works in an office. àReporte indirecto

Susan dice que ella trabaja en una oficina.

De forma directaà A forma indirecta		Ejemplos
Simple present	Simple past	Peter: I work in the garden	Peter said that he worked in the garden
Simple past	Past perfect	Peter: I worked in the garden	Peter said that he had worked in the garden
Present perfect		Peter: I have worked in the garden
Past perfect		Peter: I had worked in the garden
Will	Would	Peter: I will work in the garden	Peter said that he would work in the garden
Can	Could	Peter: I can work in the garden	Peter said that he could work in the garden
Am/are/is	Was/were	Peter: I am working in the garden	Peter said that he was working in the garden
Was/were	Had been	Peter: I was working in the garden	Peter said that he had been working in the garden
Has been		Peter: I have been working in the garden
Had been		Peter: I had been working in the garden

De forma directaà A forma indirecta		Ejemplos
Simple present	Simple past	I learn the lesson	She said that she learned the lesson
Simple past	Past perfect	I learned the lesson	She said that she had learned the lesson
Present perfect		I have learned the lesson
Past perfect		I had learned the lesson
Will	Would	I will learn the lesson	She said that she would learn the lesson
Can	Could	I can learn the lesson	She said that she could learn the lesson
Am/are/is	Was/were	I am learning the lesson	She said that she was learning the lesson
Was/were	Had been	I was learing the lesson	She said that she had been learning the lesson
Has been		I have been learning the lesson
Had been		I had been learning the lesson

Si la oracion contiene una expresión de tiempo, debe cambiarse también.

Peter: "I worked in the garden yesterday."  àDiscurso directo
Peter said that he had worked in the garden the day before. àReporte indirecto

This (evening)	That (evening)
Today/this day	that day
These (days)	Those (days)
Now	Then
(a week) ago	(a week) before
Last weekend	The weekend before/ the previous weekend
Here	There
Next(week)	The following (week)
Tomorrow	The next/ following day

Pasado progresivo

PASADO PROGRESIVO

 

El Pasado Progresivo es un tiempo verbal del pasado, el cual se usa para hablar acerca del desarrollo de una acción que transcurría en un tiempo determinado, cuyo fin no conocemos o carece de importancia, así como también para expresar que una acción tenía lugar cuando otra la interrumpió y finalmente referirnos a acciones que ocurrían simultáneamente.

  

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
I was going	I was not going	Was I going ?
You were going	You were not going	Were you going ?
He was going	He was not going	Was he going ?
She was going	She was not going	Was she going ?
It was going	It was not going	Was it going ?
We were going	We were not going	Were we going ?
You were going	You were not going	Were you going ?
They were going	They were not going	Were they going ?

Affirmative	subject + was/were + 1 > "ing"
I was going to New York - Estaba (estuve) yendo a New York
You were going to New York - Ud. estaba (estuvo) yendo a New York
Negative	subject + was/were + not + 1 > "ing"
I was not going to New York - No estaba (estuve) yendo a New York
You were not going to New York - Ud. no estaba (estuvo) yendo a New York
Interrogative	Was/Were + subject + 1 > "ing" ?
Was I going to New York ? - ¿Estaba (estuve) yendo a New York ?
Were you going to New York ? - ¿Estaba (estuvo) Ud. yendo a New York ?

Pasado perfecto

Pasado Perfecto

El pasado perfecto se utiliza para hablar sobre dos tiempos a la vez: el pasado y otro pasado anterior a este. Estructuralmente es igual que el presente perfecto pero en vez del auxiliar "have" / "has" se utiliza "had".

Example:

The film had finished when she arrived at the cinema.
La película había terminado cuando ella llegó al cine.
(Primera acción: la película había terminado
Segunda acción: ella llegó al cine)

Sarah had prepared dinner when her husband got home.
Sarah había preparado la cena cuando su esposo llegó a casa.
(Primera acción: Sarah había preparado la cena
Segunda acción: su esposo llegó a casa)

Para poder construir la forma afirmativa del Pasado Perfecto debemos utilizar como auxiliar el verbo to have en Pasado Simple y acompañado por el verbo principal en su Pasado Participio (ya sean verbos regulares o verbos irregulares):

I had bought a new car.	Yo había comprado un nuevo auto.
You had cleaned the house.	Tú habías limpiado la casa.
He had brought the gifts.	Él había traído los regalos.
She had lost the credit card.	Ella había perdido la tarjeta de crédito.

Para formar una interrogación deberemos colocar el auxiliar al comienzo de la oración, luego el sujeto y posteriormente el verbo principal también en Pasado Participio:

Had I bought a new car?	Había comprado yo un nuevo auto?
Had you cleaned the house?	Habías limpiado tú la casa?
Had he brought the gifts?	Había traído él los regalos?
Had she lost the credit card?	Había perdido ella la tarjeta de crédito?

Por su parte, la forma negativa se construye poniendo la negación not entre el auxiliar y el verbo principal, por ejemplo:

I had not bought a new dress.	Yo no había comprado un nuevo vestido.
You had not cleaned the house.	Tú no habías limpiado la casa.
He had not brought the gifts.	Él no había traído los regalos.
She had not lost the credit card.	Ella no había perdido la tarjeta de crédito.

También puede utilizarse la forma contraída de la negación colocando HADN'T en vez de HAD NOT.

Vocabulario

VOCABULARIO
Objetos de casa

Mesa	Table	Almohada	Pillow
Silla	Chair	Sábana	Sheet
Sofá	Sofa	Manta	Blanket
Cuadro	Painting	Colchón	Mattress
Alfombra	Carpet	Colcha	Bedspread
Espejo	Mirror	Mesilla de noche	Bedside table
Lámpara	Lamp	Mecedora	Rocking chair
Jarrón	Vase	Sillón	Armchair
Armario (general)	Closet	Cómoda	Chest of drawers
Armario (ropa)	Closet	Cama	Bed

Partes de una casa

Casa	House	Salón	Living room
Puesta	Door	Recibidor	Foyer
Ventana	Window	Comedor	Dinning room
Pared	Wall	Dormitorio	Bedroom
Suelo	Floor	Cuarto de baño	Bathroom
Techo	Ceiling	Despacho	Study
Tejado	Roof	Escaleras	Staircase
Chimenea	Chimney	Garaje	Garage
Balcón	Balcony	Buhardilla	Studio Apartment
Pasillo	hall	Cocina	Kitchen

Prendas de vestir

Sombrero	Hat	Chaleco	Vest
Bufanda	Scarf	Corbata	Tie
Gabardina	Raincoat	Camisa	Shirt
Abrigo	Coat	Camiseta	T-shirt
Chaqueta	Jacket	Traje	Suit
Guante	Glove	Ropa interior	Underwear
Pantalones	Pants	Camiseta (interior)	Vest
Zapato	Shoe	Calzoncillo	Shorts
Bota	Boat	Sujetador	Bra
Zapatilla	Slipper	Calcetín	Sock
Pijama	Pyjamas	Bragas	Panties
Vestido	Dress

Ocupaciones

Abogado	Lawyer	Pintor	Painter
Médico	Doctor	Frutero	Greengrocer
Ingeniero	Engineer	Mecánico	Mechanic
Economista	Economist	Militar	Soldier
Arquitecto	Architect	Sacerdote	Priest
Comerciante	Shopkeeper	Artista	Artist
Panadero	Baker	Actor (actriz)	Actor (actress)
Peluquero	Hairdresser	Funcionario	Civil servant
Cerrajero	Locksmith	Escritor	Writer
Fontanero	Plumber	Carpintero	Carpenter